乌鲁木齐春夏气溶胶散射吸收系数的研究

采用积分式浑浊度仪于2008年5月-6月在乌鲁木齐市中区和市北区对气溶胶的散射和吸收系数进行连续观测,分析了市中区与市北区气溶胶散射和吸收系数的变化特征,结合同期的气象资料对变化原因进行了分析。结果表明:市中区和市北区气溶胶的散射吸收系数具有相同的变化趋势,日变化特征总体上呈现出"W"型;峰值分别出现在0时和8时前后,谷值则出现在4时和19时前后。散射系数远大于吸收系数,说明大气气溶胶的消光作用主要是散射作用完成。相对湿度与散射吸收系数不具有显著相关性,而风速对散射吸收系数影响较大。     

Assessing Variations in SPAD‐502 Chlorophyll Meter Measurements and Their Relationships with Nutrient Content of Trembling Aspen Foliage

Abstract

The relative chlorophyll content in leaves estimated by the SPAD‐502 chlorophyll meter can be an efficient way to evaluate plant nitrogen (N) status in many crops and some tree species. In this study, the SPAD meter was used to look for relationships between relative leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient concentration in trembling aspen. The variations in leaf chlorophyll measurements were also evaluated by using three sampling times and three measurement techniques. Hypothetical experimental designs were created to achieve better design efficiency. The best representation of overall leaf chlorophyll was found when six SPAD readings were taken at different locations on each leaf. There was a positive correlation between overall leaf N and estimated chlorophyll content, especially in the top part of the trees. Overall, this study suggested that the SPAD meter can give an estimation of trembling aspen nutritional status, especially if the differential partitioning of N within trees is considered.     

Application of Mitscherlich–Bray Equation for Fertilizer Use on Groundnut

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in order to formulate phosphorus and potassium fertilizer recommendations of groundnut (Arachis hypogea) based on Mitscherlich–Bray equation. The treatments comprised four levels of phosphorus (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1) and three levels of potassium (0, 30, and 60 kg potassium oxide (K₂O) ha^?1) in all possible combinations. Theoretical maximum yield of groundnut was calculated by plotting log y (pod yield) versus 1/x (amount of nutrients applied). Fertilizer recommendation for various soil fertility levels and yield target were developed, and their validities were tested by conducting two field verification trials on the same soil. The results showed that although general recommended fertilizer dose resulted in highest yield of groundnut at both the locations, but value cost ratio and rate of increase in income were lowest with this fertilizer treatment, and 90% of maximum yield treatment was superior in terms of economics of fertilizer and risk factor.     

黑河流域森林生态系统湿热特征分析

利用2008年黑河流域典型森林生态系统土壤和空气温湿度观测资料,分析了不同层次土壤和大气温度和湿度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)各层土壤温度在2—3月达到一年中的最小值,在7—9月达到一年中最高值,土壤温度周年变化幅度以及年最低温度随土壤深度的增加而递减。(2)表层土壤含水量受春季融雪和降雨影响较大,在8月中、上旬达到最高值;20—40cm土壤含水量对春季融雪响应较弱,80—120cm土壤含水量较为稳定,不受冻融交替影响。(3)从当年7月中旬至次年1月下旬,林地各层气温呈下降趋势,2月上旬至7月上旬呈上升趋势;距离地表近2m高度全年各月份气温略高于10m和24m高度,气温最高值和最低值分别出现在14:30和6:30左右。(4)4—6月林内湿度相对较低,7—10月相对较高,空气相对湿度最高值和最低值分别出现在22:00和11:30左右;10m和24m处空气相对湿度变化规律与2m处基本一致。     

基于误码检测机制的滴灌系统红外光雨水传感器的设计

降雨使作物生长土壤中的水分含量增加而营养成分含量降低,智能化滴灌系统必须感知降雨的开始和结束,并对灌溉系统中的水分与营养成分进行相应调整与控制,既节水节能又保持作物良好生长环境。雨水水流对红外发射器和接收器间光通信产生散射干扰,并造成误码。该文设计一种基于误码检测机制的红外光雨水传感器,它由集雨器、导流管、红外光发射器和接收器组成,微控制器检测通信误码感知降雨,解决了传统雨水传感器在滴灌系统应用中只能监测降雨的开始而不能监测降雨结束的弊端。该文提出降雨时通信误码率最大,无降雨时通信误码率最小的数据码选择方法,该方法表明,数据码"1"码数目对通信误码率影响显著。试验结果表明,检测降雨最优码是255。该传感器对连续水流检测的误码率大于0.9983,对离散水滴检测的误比特率是0.7742至0.8307,该传感器对雨水的感知性能优于传统雨水传感器。     

朱砂叶螨阿维菌素抗性品系选育及适合度研究

为研究朱砂叶螨抗性适合度,在抗性选育基础上实验室组建了朱砂叶螨相对敏感品系、抗阿维菌素品系在豇豆和棉花上的生命表(26℃),比较了相对敏感品系和抗性品系在两种寄主上发育历期、繁殖力及种群参数的差异.结果表明:连续汰选42代,朱砂叶螨对阿维菌素(乳油制剂)产生约8.7倍抗性;与相对敏感品系相比,抗性品系在棉花上若螨期缩短0.55天、世代历期延长0.88天,平均产卵量无显著差异;在豇豆上卵期缩短1.71天,若螨期延长0.41天,世代历期缩短2.06天,平均产卵量减少84.29粒/雌.抗性品系在棉花和豇豆上的相对适合度分别为0.89和0.58,表明该螨产生抗药性后,存在适合度缺陷.     

Composition and biological activity of the essential oil from Thapsia minor, a new source of geranyl acetate

The essential oils from aerial parts of Thapsia minor Hoffmanns. & Link (Apiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, were analyzed by gas-chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oxygenated monoterpenes represented the main fraction with geranyl acetate (82.3-83.0%) as the major constituent, making this plant a good source of this compound.Biological activity of the essential oil was evaluated against several fungal strains. The highest activity was found against dermatophyte strains, Crytococcus neoformans and Candida guillermondii with minimal inhibitory concentrations values from 0.32 μl/ml to 1.25 μl/ml. The antifungal activity could be associated with the significant contribution of the oxygenated monoterpene geranyl acetate.Furthermore, this essential oil demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory in vitro activity, at concentrations that did not affect macrophages and keratinocytes viability, being the anti-inflammatory properties of the oil mainly due to geranyl acetate.These favorable results emphasize the antifungal and anti-inflammatory abilities of the molecule geranyl acetate and further support the exploitation of T. minor oil for pharmaceutical industry, in order to find new phytopharmaceuticals.     

典型断面渠道正常水深计算

明渠正常水深的计算是排灌渠道设计中的一项重要工作.通过对典型渠道断面引入包含渠道糙率、底坡、断面几何要素和流量的一组量纲为一的参数,将目前文献中正常水深的显式计算公式进行量纲为一化的统一表达,使其更具有通用性并且方便进行相对误差评价;指出每种典型渠道断面量纲为一的参数在实际工程中的常用取值范围,在此范围内对各量纲为一的显式计算公式进行相对误差评价,作出相对误差全局分布图,比较各显式公式的最大相对误差和全局相对误差,并比较公式的简捷性,据此优选出梯形、圆形、弧底梯形、普通城门洞形、马蹄形等5种断面正常水深简捷、精度高、适用范围广的显式计算公式;应用最优一致逼近原理,提出标准城门洞形断面正常水深分段表示的显式计算公式.相对误差分析表明：推荐出的6种典型渠道断面正常水深的显式计算公式的最大相对误差均小于1%,可为典型断面排灌渠道的设计及水力计算提供有效的计算方法.     

二级洞塞泄流的消能特性分析

为了分析二级洞塞泄流的消能特性,揭示洞塞几何体形参数对洞塞泄流消能效果的影响规律,运用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对洞塞泄流进行了数值模拟.建立了洞塞泄流的室内物理模型试验,利用模型试验结果对数学模型进行了验证,两者吻合较好.第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比分别取为0.2,0.3,0.4和0.5,第1和第2级洞塞相对长度相等并分别取为0.5,1.5和3,形成144种工况.利用验证后的数学模型对上述144种工况进行计算和分析.结果表明：第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比对消能率和消能比的影响较大,而相对长度对其影响很小.在其他几何体型参数一定的情况下,随着第2级洞塞面积收缩比的增大,第1级洞塞消能率和消能比相应增大,第2级洞塞消能率和消能比相应降低.在其他几何体型参数一定的情况下,随着第1级洞塞面积收缩比的增大,第1级洞塞消能率和消能比相应降低;第2级洞塞消能率变化不大,而消能比相应增加.当第1和第2级洞塞面积收缩比分别达到最小时,消能率达到最大.     

广东稻田灌溉效益的时空变化分析

为合理进行稻田灌溉效益取值,对广东省不同地区32个样点46年的早稻、晚稻和双季稻的灌溉效益进行时空变化分析。结果发现:稻田灌溉效益在省内不同地区间大小差异悬殊,其变化与降雨量呈负相关关系,其中晚稻灌溉效益大于早稻,双季稻则介于两者之间;灌溉效益在多年时程中变化很大,其变异系数明显大于多年降雨量的变异系数,从多年灌溉效益的离散程度看,晚稻比早稻大,双季稻则比早稻和晚稻小;另外,灌溉效益在多年时程中的离散程度与平均相对减产量呈高度正相关关系,即平均相对减产量愈大,灌溉效益数值的离散度愈大。